MASS ESTIMATE TABLE
Gregory S. Paul, March 2010
(largely based on models)
kg = k(femur [or other long bone] length [usually in decameters])3
taxon k model femur length* model volume ml x specific gravity = model mass g
specimen (modeled 1st): kilograms: femur or other long bone length (usually decameters)
*0.5253 = 0.145
DINOSAURS -
SAUROPODS femur trunk neck tail total neck x 0.6 rest x0.9
& legs & head
Giraffatitan 3.45 .525 480 75 25 590 .045+.455=.500
HMN MB.R.2181: 31500 (neck 2800):~20.90 “XV2”: ~45000:~23.50
Brachiosaurus ~4.15 " ~590 ~75 ~25 ~700 " +.554=~.600
FMNH P25107: ~35000: 20.30
Europasaurus ~3.2 " ~465 ~39 ~23 ~527 .023+.440=~,463
Composite: ~760:~6.20
Camarasaurus 4.0 " 542 51 55 648 .041+.537=.578
CMNH 11393: 14200 (neck 1000): 15.25 AMNH 5761: ~23000:18.00
juvenile 3.5 " 486 40 55 581 .024+.487=.511
CMNH 11338: 640:5.67
Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum
~4.9 " ~655 ~154 ~32 ~841 .092+.618=.710
IVPP V10603: 75000:~25.00
M. hochuanensis 5.6 " 709 200 60 969 .120+.692=.812
IVPP 3: 13800 (neck 2000):13.50)
M. youngi 4.3 " 555 130 ~45 730 .078+.540=.618
ZDM 0083: 6700:11.60
Omeisaurus 3.7 " 484 94 53 631 .056+.483=.539
ZDM T5701: 8400 (neck 870):13.10
Euhelopus ~3.9 " 506 96 ~48 650 .068+.499=.567
PMU R233(B): ~3400: 9.55 PMU R232(A): ~2850:~9.00
Spinophorosaurus 3.7 " 520 42 46 608 .025+.509=.534
GCP-CV-4229: 6600: 12:15
Shunosaurus 1.7 " 230 14 38 282 .008+.241=.250
ZDM 5402: 2980: 12.00
juvenile 2.2 " 302 22 40 364 .013+.309=.321
ZDM 5401: 1130: 8.05
Datousaurus 2.5 " 360 33 25 418 .020+.347=.367
IVPP V7262/3: 4300: 12.00
Barapasaurus ~2.5 " ~343 ~29 ~48 420 .017+.352=.369
IRIS: 6400:13.65
Cetiosaurus ~2.6 " ~350 38 ~45 ~433 .023+.356=.379
OUMNH large spec: ~11000: 16.15
Patagosaurus 3.35 " 410 38 105 553 .023+.464=.487
PVL 4170: 8450: 13.60
Haplocanthosaurus 2.4 " ~340 21 ~30 391 .012+.333=.345
CMNH 10380: ~12800: 17.45 CM 572: ~5000: 12.75
Jobaria 2.8 " 405 26 32 463 .016+.393=.409
MNN TIG3: 16300:18.00
Brontosaurus 3.1 " 380 70 70 520 .042+.405=.447
CMNH 3018: 17500 (neck 1600, tail 2700): 17.85
2.9 " 360 60 67 487 .036+.384=.420
YPM 1980: 14900:17.25
2.6 " 330 51 ~440 .036+.343=.380
FMNH P25112: 15900:18.30
2.7 " 350 58 48 456 .035+.358=.393
UWGM 15556:13500:17.10
Apatosaurus 2.45 " 305 72 40 423 .043+.311=.354
NSMT 20375:7780: 14.70 YPM 1860: ~20000:~20.00
Supersaurus ~2.75 " ~350 ~100 ~30 ~480 .061+.340=.400
BYU 9025: ~37000:~23.80
Barosaurus 3.3 " 380 125 ~75 580 .075+.410=.485
AMNH 6341: 11600:~15.20
Diplodocus carnegii 3.1 " 340 65 115 490 .039+.410=.449
CMNH 84: 11400 (tail 2800):15.42
D. sp. 2.45 " 296 ~45 70 411 .027+.330=.357
USNM 10865: 10000:16.00
D. (=Seismosaurus) 3.4 " ~380 ?75 ~115 570 .045+.445=.490
NMMNH 3690: ~30000 (tail >5000):~20.50
Dicraeosaurus 2.75 " 350 37 65 452 .022+.374=.396
HMN m: 4960:12.20
Amargasaurus 3.3 " 405 42 100 547 .025+.455=.480
MACN-N 15: 3830:10.50
Nigersaurus ~1.9 " ~255 ~12 ~35 ~302 .007+.261=.268
MNN composite: ~1900:~10.00
Rebbachisaurus ~2.5 " ~330 ~30 ~45 ~405 .018+.338=.356
MUCPv-205: ~7400:14.40
Opisthocoelicaudia 3.1 " 445 ~30 36 511 .018+.433=.451
ZPAL MgD 1/48: ~8400:13.95
Saltasaurus 3.7 " 550 24 37 611 .014+.528=.542
PVL 4017-79: 2480:8.75
Huabeisaurus 2.6 " 346 60 38 444 .036+346=.382
HBV 2000: 8600:14.90
Rapetosaurus juvenile ~2.8 " 370 75 30 475 .045+.360=.405
FMNH PR2209: ~800:6.57
Alamosaurus ~3.9 " 550 60 45 655 .036+.536=.572
TMM 43621-1: ~1100:~6.50 41541: ~16300:16.10
Futalognkosaurus ~3.8 " ~500 ~ 90 ~45 ~635 .054+.491=.545
MUCPv-323: ~50000:~24.00
Argentinosaurus ~4
PVPH-1: ~55000:~24.00
PROSAUROPODS femur body tail total x 0.95
Anchisaurus ~2.7 " 350 ~60 410 .390
YPM 1883: ~20:1.96
Plateosaurus gracilis 2.35 " ~295 ~65 ~360 ~.342
SMNS 5175: ~260:4.80
~2.2 " ~290 ~50 ~340 ~.323
SMNS 11838: ~230:4.70
P. longiceps 2.5 " 310 70 380 .361
HMN XXV: 440:5.60 VT 13200: ~780:6.80 MB Rv1.1: 1300:8.10
P. engelhardti ~2.3 " ~303 ~52 ~355 ~.337
BSP XLVI: ~1850:9.30
Massospondylus 2.6 " 330 60 390 .371
QG 1159: 93:3.30 BPI 3054: 190:4.17
Embryo 4.75 " 655 ~70 725 .689
BP/1/5347A:0.006:0.11
Lufengosaurus 2.6 " 340 55 395 .375
GSC V15 LVP: 1650:8.60
Yunnanosaurus 2.6 " ~345 ~55 ~400 ~.380
IVP AS V20: ~230:4.45
Jingshanosaurus 2.6 " 345 55 400 .380
MLD LV003: 1600:8.50
Riojasaurus 3.8 " 510 70 580 .551
PVL 3808: 820:6.00
BASAL ORNITHISCHIANS femur trunk neck tail total x 0.95
& legs & head
Lesothosaurus 2.15 .525 270 21 36 327 .311
ZDUC B.17: 2.4:1.04
Scutellosaurus ~3.5 " ~530 .505
MNA 175: ~3:0.93 MNA 1752: ~5:1.14
Scelidosaurus 4.1 .352 159 8 21 188 .179
NHMUK R1111: 275:4.06
STEGOSAURS
Huayangosaurus 4.1 .352 158 9 20 187 .178
ZDM T7001: 475:4.90
Tuojiangosaurus 4.1 " 168 5 15 188 .179
CV 00209: 2750:8.75
Kentrosaurus 2.6 .525 330 70 400 .380
HMN MTD: 670:6.35
Gigantspinosaurus 2.85 " 352 83 435 .413
ZDM 0019:680: 6.20
Stegosaurus stenops 1.95 " 245 50 295 .280
USNM 4934: 2240:10.50
?USNM 4937: 3200-4000:~12.00
S. ungulatus 1.45 " 180 40 220 .209
YPM 1853: 3830:13.82
ANKYLOSAURS
Gastonia ~9 .31 ~260 ~7 ~14 ~281 ~.267
CEUM: ~1850:5.90
Sauropelta 5.8 .31 159 8 16 183 .174
AMNH 3030: 1990:7.00
Edmontonia 6.6 .31 189 14 ~11 214 .203
AMNH 5665 & USNM 11868: 3070:~7.75
Pinacosaurus 14.8 .31 408 19 37 464 .441
PIN 614: 950:4.00 ~1850: ~5.00
Euoplocephalus 11.9 .31 324 22 33 379 .360
NHMUK 5161: 2320:5.80
Ankylosaurus ~13 " ~415 ~395
AMNH 5214: ~3900:6.70 CMN 8880: ~6000:~7.80
HETERODONTOSAURS
Heterodontosaurus 2.75 .525 330 38 56 424 .403
SAM K1332: 3.4:1.12
PACHYCEPHALOSAURS
Homalocephale 3.5 .352 136 19 9 164 .156
GI SPS 100/51: 36:2.18
Pachycephalosaurus ~1.95 .352 58 10 4.5 72.5 .69
N/A:~190: 4.61 AMNH 1696: ~450:~6.20
PSITTACOSAURS
Psittacosaurus mongoliensis 3.35 .525 390 55 65 510 .485
AMNH 6254: 14.2:1.62
P. neimongoliensis 3.6 .525 403 77 ~65 545 .518
IVPP 12-0888-2: 7.9:1.30
CERATOPSIANS femur trunk head neck tail total x 0.95
& legs
Archaeoceratops ~3.6 .525 397 101 28 22 ~548 ~.521
IVPP 11114: ~9:~1.35
Leptoceratops 4.7 " 460 190 34 30 714 .678
CMN 8889: 93:2.70
Protoceratops 4.0 " 410 130 32 36 608 .578
AMNH 6466: 164:~3.45
Montanoceratops 4.1 " 437 115 30 48 630 .599
AMNH 5464: 170:3.46
Albertaceratops ~3.25 " ~392 ~62 ~22 ~21 ~497 ~.472
Composite: ~3800:~10.50
Centrosaurus apertus 3.0 " 361 60 22 ~20 463 .440
YPM 2015: 1470 :7.89
C. nasicornis 3.6 " 420 70 24 34 548 .521
AMNH 5351: 1460:7.40
C. sp. juvenile 3.6 " 415 70 23 38 546 .519
USNM 7953: 138:3.37
Styracosaurus 3.7 " 440 75 22 25 562 .534
AMNH 5372: 1830:7.90
Chasmosaurus belli 3.3 " 386 78 21 25 510 .485
ROM 843: 2060:8.55
C. russelli ~3.5 " ~424 60 25 ~17 ~526 .500
CMN 2280: 1550: ~7.60
Pentaceratops 3.7 " 443 76 28 17 565 .537
PMU R268: 2520:8.80 OMNH 10165: ~4700:10.80
Anchiceratops 3.6 " 440 65 37 10 552 .524
CMN 8538: 1180:6.90
Triceratops 4.25 " 516 90 24 ~16 646 .614
USNM 4842: 6420:11.50 BYU: ~9000? USNM 4276: ~9300:~13.00
ORNITHOPODS femur trunk neck tail total total x 0.95
& legs & head
Agilisaurus 1.9 " 235 16 38 291 .276
ZDM T6001: 7.5:1.58
Othnielosaurus 2.1 " 271 18 35 324 .308
BYU ESM 163: 9:1.62 YPM 1882: ~31:2.44
Hypsilophodon 2.55 " 300 30 62 392 .372
NHMUK R196: 8.8:1.50 R5829: ~21:2.00
Parksosaurus 2.2 .525 275 18 40 333 .316
ROM 804: 43:2.70
Rhabdodon 2.93 " 360 52 35 447 .425
composite: 108:3.33
Thescelosaurus 1.95 " 255 8 32 295 .280
USNM 7757: 86:3.55
Tenontosaurus 3.15 " 355 20 105 480 .456
OU 11: 597:5.75
Talenkauen 2.46 " 310 16 50 376 .357
MPM 10001: 308: 5.00
Gasparinisaura ~2.4 " ~375 ~.355
MUCPv-208: ~1.75:0.90 MUCPv-213: ~3: ~1.1 MUCPv-215: ~13:~1.8
Dryosaurus 2.35 " 290 15 55 360 .342
HMN dy I:45: 2.68 HMN dy 36: 79:3.23 YPM 1876: 103:3.53
Camptosaurus dispar 2.65 " 349 18 31 400 .380
USNM 5818: 513:5.80 YPM 1877: ~474:5.65 P84.15.5: ~1700:8.60
juvenile ~2.5 " 338 17 27 382 .363
USNM 2210: ~43:2.58
C. aphanoecetes juvenile 2.27 " 301 17 ~29 347 .330
CM 11337: 140:3.95
Muttaburrasaurus ~2.7 " ~356 ~20 ~31 ~407 .387
QM F6140: ~2800:10.15
Iguanodon 3.0 " 455 .432
IRSNB 1534: 3230:10.25
Mantellisaurus 2.4 " 365 .347
NHMUK R5764: 750:6.78
Dollodon 2.45 " 370 .351
IRSNB 1551: 1070:7.60
Ouranosaurus 2.65 " 400 .380
MNHM GDF 300: 2220:9.45
Probactrosaurus ~2.4 " ~363 .345
PIN 2232/10-9: ~1000:7.50
Bactrosaurus 2.3 " 350 .333
AMNH 6553: 1180:8.00
Tethyshadros 4.0 " 606 .576
SC 57021: 300:4.20
Gryposaurus 1.95 " 300 .285
ROM 764: 2220:10.41
Edmontosaurus regalis male? 1.93 " 294 .280
ROM 5167: 3670:12.40
female? 2.1 " 320 .304
CMN 8399: 2935:11.18
E. annectens immature 2.2 " 336 .319
DMNH 1493: 2400:10.30
adult 2.15 " 330 .314
AMNH 5730: 3170:11.35
Shantungosaurus 2.2 " 338 .320
PMNH 5: 9900: 16.50 1:~13000: 18.05
Brachylophosaurus 2.05 " 313 .297
ROM 794: 4150: 12.65 ???:6800: 14.91
Maiasaura 1.95 " 300 .285
ROM 44770: 2250:~10.50
Nestling 2.1 " 323 .307
MOR: 4.1:1.25
Prosaurolophus 2.05 " 310 .298
ROM 787: 2020:9.97
Saurolophus osborni 1.95 " 298 .283
AMNH 5220: 2970:11.50
S. angustirostris 1.9 " 290 .276
PIN 551-8: 3280:12.00 PIN 551-357: ~9000?:~17:00?
Tsintaosaurus 2.25 " 345 .327
PMNH V725: 2530:10.40
Parasaurolophus 2.5 " 380 .361
ROM 768: 2615:10.15
Hypacrosaurus intermedius 2.14 " 327 .310
ROM 845: 2510:10.55
H. casuarius 2.25 " 340 .323
AMNH 5240: 2810:10.80
H. altispinus 2.13 " 325 .309
CMN 8501: 2640:10.74 AMNH 5272: 3370:~11.65
H. stebingeri
MOR 549: 8.60
embryo/hatchling 1.35 " 206 .196
TMP: 0.8:0.84
?juvenile 2.06 " 315 .300
AMNH 5340: 260:5.00
Lambeosaurus lambei 2.0 " 305 .290
ROM 1218: 2430:10.67
L. magnicristatus ~2.1 " ~320 ~.305
TMP 66.04.01: ~2500:10.55
Olorotitan ~2.3 " ~350 ~.333
AEHM 2/845: ~3100:1100
THERIZINOSAURS
Falcarius 2.42 " 412 .350
UMNH: 100:3.45
Alxasaurus ~2.5 " ~425 ~.360
IVPP 88402L: ~400:555
Beipiaosaurus ~2.2 " ~375 ~.320
IVPP V11559: 40:2.65
Nothronychus ~2.3 " ~390 ~.332
UMNH VP16420: ~850:~7.15
Nanshiungosaurus ~3.3 " ~560 ~.480
Type: ~600:~5.70
Therizinosaurus
MHP100/15: ~3000:~9.75
PREDATORY x0.95, 0.90, 0.85
DINOSAURS sometimes
& BIRDS x 1.06 feathers
Marasuchus 1.05 .525 126 16 20 162 .154
PVL 3870: 0.09:0.44 PVL 3871: ~0.18:0.55
Silesaurus 1.16" 140 17 ~20 ~177 .168
ZPAL Ab 111/361: 9:2.00
Eoraptor 1.33 " 145 18 ~40 203 .193
PVSJ 512: 1.9:~1.60
Staurikosaurus 1.0 " 110 ~19 21 150 .143
MCZ 1669: 12:2.29
Herrerasaurus 1.18 " 130 20 30 180 .171
PVL 2566: 124:4.73 UNSJ: 210:5.60
Coelophysis bauri gracile 1.65 " 174 36 40 250 .213/.239
AMNH 7223: 13.5/15.3:2.10
robust 2.15 " 238 36 54 328 .278/.313
AMNH 7224: 17.8/19.9:2.10
GR 143: 26?:2.30
juvenile 1.24 " 153 15 32 200 .180
composite: 2.4:1.25
C. rhodesiensis 1.45 " 160 25 35 220 .187/.210
QG 1: 11.6/13:2.08
Liliensternus 1.5 " 172 28 40 240 .216
HMN R1291: 127:4.40
Dilophosaurus 1.7 " 188 56 30 274 .247
UCMP 37302: 283:5.50
Limusaurus ~1.1 " ~180 ~1.62
IVPP V15923: ~10:2.08 IVPP V15924: ~15:~2.40
Elaphrosaurus ~1.45 " ~230 ~.207
HMN dd: 210:5.29
Ceratosaurus 2.2 " 260 36 58 354 .319
USNM 4735: 524:6.20
Baryonyx ~2.1 " ~340 ~.305
NHMUK R9951: ~1200:8.30
Suchomimus ~2.3 " ~380 ~.340
MNN GDF500: ~2500:10.75
Spinosaurus ~2.5
IPHG: ~5000
unnamed genus sinensis 1.7 " 190 59 25? 274 ~.247
KMV 8701: 310:5.65
Abelisaurus garrodi 2.0 " ~262 ~37 ~24 ~323 ~.291
MCF-PVPH-236: ~690: ~7.00
Skorpiovenator bustingorryi 2.0 " ~258 ~39 ~30 ~327 ~.294
MMCH-PV 48: ~1600: ~9.30
Carnotaurus 1.9 " 250 25 ~30 305 .275
MACN-CH 894: 2070:10.30
Masiakasaurus ~1.8 “ ~218 ~46 ~25 ~289 ~.260
FMNH PR2481:~11:~1.85
Eustreptospondylus 1.55 " 192 32 26 250 .225
OUM J13558: 218:5.20
Piatnitzkysaurus 1.65 " 206 30 32 268 .241
PVL 4073: 275:5.50
Yangchuanosaurus shangyou. 1.95 " 242 36 38 316 .284
CV 00215: 1330:8.80
2.1 " 255 40 38 333 .300
ZDM 0024: 1975:9.80 CV 00216: ~2800:~11.00
Y. dongi 2.0 " 250 38 ~38 ~326 .293
IVPP 10600: 1340:8.76
Monolophosaurus 1.95 " 239 54 ~40 ~333 .283
IVPP 84019: 475:~6.25
Allosaurus fragilis 2.2 " 274 46 58 378 .321
USNM 4734: 1010:7.70
? 1.85 " 220 46 46 295 .265
DINO 11541: 460:6.33
A. sp. 2.05 " 256 44 50 350 .298
DINO 2560: 1300:8.60 3694:~1520:9.05
A. maximus ~2.2?
OMNH 01708: 3000:11.10
Acrocanthosaurus 2.1 " 252 52 50 354 .300
NCSM 14345: 4400:~12.80
Giganotosaurus 2.35 " 275 70 55 400 .340
MUCPv-CH-1: 6850:14.30 MUCPv-95: ~8700:15.5?
Albertosaurus libratus 2.15 " 275 65 30 370 .315
AMNH 5458: 2340:10.25
juvenile 2.0 " 275 40 30 345 .293
AMNH 5664: 694:7.00
A. sarcophagus ~2.35 " ~400 ~.340
ROM 807: ~2500:10:20
Daspletosaurus 2.4 " 290 80 40 410 .348
AMNH 5438: 2400:10.00
Tarbosaurus bataar 2.3 " 392 .333
PIN 551-1: ~4000:~12.00
subadult 2.35 " 401 .341
PIN 551-3: 2144:9.70
juvenile 2.2 " 375 .319
MgD-1/3: 755:7.00
juvenile 1.95 " 335 .285
PIN 552-2: 510:6.40
juvenile (formerly assigned to Raptorex)
1.7 " 224 33 ~30 287 .244
LH PV18: 66:3.38
Tyrannosaurus rex 2.7 " 345 86 30 461 .392
FMNH PR2081: 6140:13.15
2.6 " 320 80 40 440 .374
AMNH 5027 (& CM 9380): 5670:~13.00
2.65 " 340 77 40 457 .388
BHI 3033: 5622:12.85
juvenile 1.23 " 154 23 32 209 .178
BMRP 2002.41: 610:7.90
Huaxiagnathus 1.48 " 189 27 ~36 252 .214
CAGS-IG01-301: ~5.2:~1.52
Juravenator juvenile 1.8 " 217 52 ~40 309 .263
JME Sch 200: 0.25:0.52
Compsognathus 1.8 " 232 30 46 308 .262
BSP 1563: 0.54:0.67 MNHN CNJ 79: ~2.4:1.10
Sinosauropteryx 1.58 " 203 35 31 269 .229
GMV 2123: 0.23:0.53 NIGP 127587: ~1:0.86
Sinosauropteryx? 1.0 " 140 20 11 171 .145
GMV 2124: 1.1:1.03
Sinocalliopteryx 1.14 " 156 24 14 194 .165
JMP-V—05-8-01: 18:2.52
Scipionyx juvenile ~1.95 " 190 110 ~33 ~333 .283
SAS:0.1: 0.37
Ornitholestes ~1.34 " ~188 8 ~32 ~228 .194
AMNH 619: ~11.9:2.07
Sinornithomimus 1.36 " 212 20 232 .197
IVPP 11797-10: 46:3.23
Struthiomimus 1.4 " 210 25 235 .200
AMNH 5339: 153:4.80
Ornithomimus 1.35 " 205 25 230 .196
ROM 851: 111:4.35
1.4 " 217 20 237 .202
CMN 12228: 144:4.68
Gallimimus 1.5 " 225 35 260 .221
DSP 100/11: 438:6.60
juvenile 1.4 " 215 25 240 .204
MgD-1/94: 26.8:2.67
Scansoriopteryx embryo 1.53 " 129 98 20 247 .208
CAGS 607: 0.0068:0.165
Bambiraptor juvenile 1.23 " 110 85 15 210 .179
FIP 001: 2.1:1.19
Deinonychus ~1.95 " ~208 94 32 ~334 .284
YPM 5210: ~60:~3.10
Velociraptor 1.77 " 182 86 34 302 .257
MIG 100/25: 11:1.85 100/986: ~24:2.38 AMNH 6515: ~6
Buitreraptor 1.06 " 98 58 ~25 181 .154
MOCA 24.5: 3.2:1.44
Anchiornis 0.9 " 102 44 6 152 .129
LPM-B00169: 0.26:0.66
Jinfengopteryx 1.06 " 112 60 10 182 .155
CAGS IG 04 0801: 0.43:0.74
Mei 0.81 " 88 43 7 138 .117
IVPPV12733: 0.43:0.81
Sinornithoides 0.91 " 102 41 13 156 .133
IVPP V9612: 2.5:1.40
Stenonychosaurus ~1.5 " ~260 ~.220
MOR 7.24.8.64: 65: ~3.50
MOR: ~33: 2.80 GI 100/1: ~25: AMNH 6516:~12: ~2.00
Epidexipteryx 1.65 " 198 82 1 281 239
IVPP V15471: 0.22:0.51
Protarchaeopteryx ~0.9 " ~1.5 ~1.30
GMV 2125: 1.6:1.20
Caudiptyeryx 0.66 " 110 3 113 .96
GMV 97-9-A: 2.2:1.49
Chirostenotes? ~1.55 " ~265 .225
composite: ~180:4.90
Gigantoraptor ~1.5 " ~260 ~.220
LH V0011: ~2000:11.00
Oviraptor ~1.25 " ~210 ~.180
AMNH 6517: ~22:~2.60
Citipati 1.72 " 282 12 294 .250
IGM 100/42: ~74:~3.50
juvenile 1.46 " 242 8 250 .213
MIG 100/1127 & 1002: ?4.5:?1.45
Conchoraptor 1.24 " 180 24 204 .173
MIG 100/30: 17:2.40
Avimimus ~1.4 " ~236 ~.201
PIN 3907-1: ~12:2.05
Mononykus 1.31 " 210 13 223 .190
MGI 107/6: 3.4:1.38
main flight total
body muscles
Archaeopteryx 1.41-1.48 " 211 17-27 228-238 .205-.214
HMN 1880: 0.204-0.214:0.525
1.34-1.40 " 199 16-26 215-225 .194-.203
NHMUK 37001: 0.297-0.310:0.605
1.10-1.15 " 164 13-21 177-185 .160-.167
JM 2257: 0.056-0.058:0.37
Microraptor 0.62-0.66 " 91 9-13.5 100-105 .9-.95
IVPP V13352: 0.57-0.6:0.97
Sinornithosaurus 0.89-0.93 " 78/39/13=130 13-20 143-150 .129-.135
IVPP V12 811: 2.9-3:1.48
Jeholornis 1.76 " 246 38 284 .256
IVPP V12 13274: 0.75:0.75
Sapeornis 1.68 " 251 39 270 .243
IVPP V12698 & CAGS IG 02 609: 0.9:0.81
Confuciusornis 1.53 " 212 36 248 .233
0.17: 0.48
Sinornis 1.5 " 207 35 242 .218
BPV 538: 0.014:0.21 IVPP V9769: 0.018:0.23
tibia
Emeus 0.82 .75 384 .346
CM viiic: 87:4.73
Dinornis 0.39 " 182 .165
CM 1.2.15: 252:8.65 NHMUK A608: ~274:8.89 :~380:9.90
Aepyornis 0.7 " 330 .297
MP: 320: 7.70 MP: ~370:8.10
Dromornis ~0.8 " ~375 ~.338
~380: 7.80
THECODONTS - femur trunk neck tail total x 0.95
& CROCODILIANS & legs & head
Proterosuchus 5.7 .018 75 22 15 112 .106
NM C3016: 19:~1.50
Chanaresuchus 2.9 " 36 11 10 57 .054
MCZ 4035: 6.1:1.28 4036: ~10:1.51
Parasuchus 4.2 " 57 13 12 82 .078
ISI R42: 58:2.40
Euparkeria 4.3 " 59 15 10.5 84.5 .080
SAM 5867: 0.75:0.558 6047: ~1.0:0.616
Shansisuchus 5.1 " 65 24 11 100 .095
IVPP 2501: 188:~3.33
Vjushkovia 4.1 " 56 15 10 81 .077
IVPP V3239 composite: 105: ~2.95
Saurosuchus 2.7 " 37 8 8 53 .050
composite: 850:6.80
Postosuchus 2.4 " 32 8 7 47 .045
TTU 9000: 310:5.05
Riojasuchus 4.4 " 58 14 14 86 .082
PVL 3828: 26:1.80
Stagonolepis 3.7 " 56 3 14 73 .069
EM 46R: 116:3.15 (based on Walker 1961 skel rest)
Lotosaurus 3.5 " 60 3 3 66 .063
IVPP 4880::
Terrestrisuchus 0.7 " 8.4 2.8 2.5 13.7 .013
P. 47/21: 0.13:0.57
Pseudhesperosuchus 0.75 " 9.3 2.7 3 15 .014
PVL 3830: 2.8:~1.55
REPTILES -
Megalania
~1000 (based on scaling from modern monitors, and cross comparison of body part volumes with thecodonts)
THERAPSIDS - femur total x 0.95
Thrinaxodon 4.1 .265 80 .076
AMMM 5265/SAM 1395: 1.41:0.70 (based on Brink 1956 skel rest)
MAMMALS - femur body head total x 0.95
Rhinoceros 9.5 .395 610 .580
USNM: 1050 (predicted 800-1100 [1.41 m shoulder height]):4.80
Brontops 6.0 .525 820 90 910 .865
YPM 12048: 3300:8.20
Indricotherium 3.65 " 36 56 558 .530
AMNH 26387: 7770:12.85 AMNH 26175: 16500:16.50
Loxodonta 3.15 " 400 80 480 .456
AMNH 3283: 6300 (predicted 4800-6800 [3.18 shoulder height]):12.60
Elephas recki 3.18 " 486 .462
~13800: ~16:30
Mammuthus 3.07 " 472 .447
DMNH 1359: 7900:13.70